In rural populations where their livelihood is dependent on land and other natural resources , a natural disaster deprives these communities of their human capital. Access to town also means access to non-farm activities and skills that can be of benefit to a household . 1. All the five SL assets outlined above are important aspects to livelihood both in the urban and rural setting. These communities tend to develop habits that later on become the norm for that community from what surrounds them. Training/skill development: in order for a household to diversify, there is need for human capital . Bangladesh has a strong tradition of private philanthropic initiatives for humanistic and voluntary works for people’s welfare. There is need for human, social, economic, financial, physical and natural capital for livelihoods to be sustainable. Is it possible to create saving and credit cooperatives that can support health research and health service delivery in developing countries? | It defines the objectives of improving linkages by making marketing interventions. In order for a rural population to strive there is need for livelihoods that would sustain and support their households and communities. Population increases in less developed countries are also adding significantly to the proportion of the urban population that is living below the poverty level. 11. World Dev 25(7):1081–1093. Livelihoods are determined by several factors which include (Ellis 2000; Fabusoro et al. The outcomes showed that it is possible to achieve broader health benefits when there is partnership between health, economic and social sectors when implementing interventions (Kim et al. There is then a high risk of transmission of infectious diseases including measles, meningitis , cholera, malaria and other acute respiratory diseases . Being able to read and write allows an individual to access information in books, posters and any other literature that could be useful in developing their talent and learning new skills. The community health nurse plays an extremely important role in rural America. The SARS, MERS and Ebola outbreaks are some examples of how international travel can allow for spread of infectious diseases across borders and continents. Soc Sci Med 132:30–37. Kids that grow up in rural areas, particularly farming areas,... ...crowded and saturated. Most of the information for skills and application that can sustain and offer technological advances in livelihoods are in writing and if one is not able to read and write the chances of advancing are low. Many believe that rural communities present less health risks than urban communities. Education and migration; where qualifications determine which field of work an individual can exploit . Physical capital allows for work to be accomplished faster as well as for diversification. Rural livelihood is a complex structure comprising of mostly agriculture, with part of the population diversifying into non-farm activities in order to attain a sustainable livelihood to get better income for their households. wild/bush meat, raw sea food and raw vegetables. Focus Note 24(24):1–11. This is very common in developing countries where there is lack of rapid response and availability of aid to the victims. Rural Area: An open piece of land sparsely populated with scattered houses. 06. Some of the infectious diseases that have been associated with occurrence of natural disasters include the following. This also means that these people are very likely to be exposed to different disease causing agents that are found in their surroundings. Poor sanitation is a good source of infectious diseases such as malaria , dengue, leishmaniasis, cysticercosis (tapeworm), cholera and other diarrheal diseases that can easily spread in densely populated areas with poor sanitation. Consumption of exotic foods; in rural areas , consumption of exotic foods such as bush meat is a common practice. In India and many parts of sub-Saharan Africa and most developing countries, farmers are opting for diversification rather than farming only as the small-scale farming or land -based livelihood are proving unsustainable and cannot support their families for food and fodder for their livestock. People with big families will venture into as many ways as possible to gain the required resources to support their families. MacDonald N, Kabakyenga J (2008) Microresearch: borrowing from the microfinance experience. A household or community that is further from town has poor access to these facilities and has less chance of diversifying. Commentators tend to agree that the rural resource is becoming increasingly subject to pressures arising from an ever wider range 02. The livelihood of the poor is gruelling as they find themselves in a state of poverty and lack basic necessities . Human capital also includes health of an individual, household and community. They will help ensure that the community has access to appropriate medical care and assist with referrals for financial assistance. Owing to low human capital, the rural poor tend to diversify in less profitable labour markets than their wealthier counterparts. U.P. 04. Availability of Land: apart from human capital , availability of land is also fundamental in rural livelihoods (Barbier and Hochard 2014 ) . Re-conceptualising rural resources as countryside capital: In general, natural capital refers to natural resources (Barbier and Hochard 2014; Ellis 1996, 2000 ) . • OOB Thinking Sustainable livelihood (SL) framework is a term that covers research concerning poverty reduction, sustainability and livelihood strategies. A rural household with diverse sources of income earning activities has better chances of survival financially than a household which has only one source. In Afghanistan, BRAC managed to set up development programmes in health, education, agriculture, community development and provided microfinance services by providing loans to small businesses. Lack of employment and/or loss of livelihood, the impact of HIV/AIDS and other chronic illnesses on a household and lack of income have rendered both men and women vulnerable to poverty. This may also be used as a survey to establish if a company may have rural branches. 2010-09-01 00:00:00 INTRODUCTION Livelihood diversification is defined as the process by which rural families construct a diverse portfolio of activities and social support capabilities in order to survive and improve their standard of living. Key words: Determinants, diversification, livelihood, rural, strategies. People lose their crop, livestock and source of income resulting in loss of their financial capital . Bull World Health Organ 87(11):824–832. In the context of rural livelihood I will discuss mainly human behaviour and how this has contributed to emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases . I express my sincere gratitude to Honorable Executive Director A K Arzoo and other officials of Jagorani Chakra Foundation (JCF) for helping me providing information’s whenever we asked for it. – Agriculture’s share in overall GDP is going down, but, India still lives in her villages. Since members decide on the conditions of repayment, the conditions are manageable. Seiber EE, Robinson AL (2007) Microfinance investments in quality at private clinics in Uganda: a case-control study. introduction-to-livelihood-framework 1. Dependency ratio: measures the pressure on the productive population . The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH, Khatun D, Roy BC (2012) Rural livelihood diversification in West Bengal: determinants and constraints. J Microfinance/ESR Rev 7(2):13–31. Land, being a natural capital is a valuable asset for the rural poor. It can also be defined as saved-up wealth that can be used to start-up or maintain a business. In most region of sub-Saharan Africa, there is • Multi-structural BRAC was also able to train community health workers who served the health needs in their communities. Social networks are considered as horizontal associations between individuals, which increase productivity by reducing the costs of doing business and facilitate coordination and cooperation. Context - urban growth 14. Livelihoods are an important part of human existence . • Rural India is undergoing a phenomenal changes. Institute of Rural Sciences, University of Wales Aberystwyth, Llanbadarn Campus, Aberystwyth, SY23 3AL, UK The other aim is to ponder over the achievements and the failures of ICT in the sustainable development march. Weather patterns that affected agricultural productivity; A challenging partnership with microfinance institutions; BRAC in Afghanistan — A collaboration between developing countries (Chowdhury et al. Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness 4(1):30–38. Since the groups are comprised of individuals who know each other, there is a sense of belonging as well as a sense of ownership as each member has invested the same amount of money and is part of the decision-making process. In 1992 Robert Chambers and Gordon Conway proposed the following composite definition of a sustainable rural livelihood, which is applied most commonly at the household level: "A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets (stores, resources, claims and access) and activities required for a means of living: a livelihood is sustainable which can cope with and recover from stress and shocks, maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets, and provide sustainable … Shamba — Maisha; Agricultural intervention and HIV health outcomes (Cohen et al. These bring serious threats to livelihoods with the rural poor being the most affected. using two case-study vignettes by way of illustration. 12. Education is extremely important when deciding to live in rural or urban areas. A major conclusion is... ...CONTRIBUTION OF ICT IN RURAL SECTOR: 13. BACKGROUND In order for a population to survive there is need for livelihoods that would sustain and support their households. 1463 Words6 Pages. J Sustain Agric 34(4):417–438. Any area surrounding those census blocks with a population density of five hundred or fewer people per square mile are classified as rural (U.S. Census Bureau). English 1113-12659 An increased dependency ratio will push the household into diversifying into other activities that can bring more income to the household (Khatun and Roy 2012). Some of the challenges that have affected rural livelihoods include natural disasters and disease outbreaks . Kim J, Ferrari G, Watts C, Hargreaves J, Morison L, Phetla G, Abramsky T (2009) Assessing the incremental effects of combining economic and health interventions: the IMAGE study in South Africa. Introduction Most insights into rural livelihood change are based on snapshots. The link between health, poverty and livelihoods is critical when analysing the importance of microfinance. Community participation in microfinance activities has been successful because individuals see the benefits from their participation (Kondo et al. Lack of safe water is a major problem after occurrence of a natural disaster . The programme works to improve the livelihoods of farmers in the central corridor of Tanzania. It is with the same spirit of caring and sharing that after the Liberation War in 1971 many dedicated individuals took initiatives for people’s welfare, at the beginning in the form... StudyMode - Premium and Free Essays, Term Papers & Book Notes. RURAL AGRI- MARKETING IN INDIA - WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE IN INDIA ABSTRACT Around 700 million people, or 70% of India's population, live in 6,27,000 villages in rural areas. Zoonotic diseases that can be passed on through water contaminated by rodent and livestock urine such as Leptospirosis can also be a major threat to the communities that have survived a natural disaster such as flooding. 4 Availability of new markets encourages communities to diversify as they try to exploit the new opportunities. The SARS outbreak originated from China, spread through Hong Kong and other parts of Asia , to Europe and America . Human capital is a combination of knowledge, habits, social behaviour and personality that contribute to economic benefits for an individual and/or community (Ellis 1996 ) . It is a process of building rural households’ capital by pursuing different group of activities to advance their standard of living (Ellis, 1998). INTRODUCTION Developing countries like Ethiopia heavily depend on small-scale agriculture with low productive and vulnerable to weather and production-related shocks (Bezabih et al., 2014). Natural disasters result in loss of lives, property and livelihoods . In the past decades, there has been a reduction in farming as a source of livelihood in rural areas and an increase in participation in non-farm activities or a combination of both to sustain a household (Ellis 1996, 2000 ) . Keywords: Livelihood Diversification, Labour Engagement, Nigeria, Share of Income. With education come skills; an individual will acquire certain skills through their education, thus an educated household has a higher chance of gaining skills than a household without any education. livelihood diversification and mobility in livelihood transformation processes in dynamic rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa. In most rural areas of the world, approximately 90 % of the population is involved in farming as a way of earning a living. 2009). Retrieved from. Different published and unpublished documents were collected through different search engines from different databases, Google scholar and Google. And if the individual who is sick is the one who provides for the household (bread winner), illness may result in serious disruption of the household status.